Communist manifesto Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Communist manifesto - Essay Example Not only were the form of governments and personnel altered but the entire basis of government were changed leading to emergency of society encompassing gender roles, human rights, nationality, and social class. It is noted these revolutionary social and political trends continued and became established in the nineteenth century, manifested through nationalist and democratic uprisings and movements against foreign or arbitrary rule throughout Europe, in the campaign against slave trade and slavery in the transatlantic ocean, and in to some extend demanding gender equality (Weightman 2010, 23). Emergence of industrial revolution led to emergence of another wave which reinforced revolutionary dynamic. Social, economic, and political changes emerged at the end of 19th century sweeping across the globe. Industrial revolution led to advances to substitute inanimate and machine sources of power for replacement of domestic and craft guilds production and human labor by the reformulation of business into cartels or corporation and manufacturing systems of the factory. This approach was similar to the replacement of the feudal rulers with political revolutions with new forms of government establishment and election of leaders. Similarly, industrial revolution was analogical to political revolutions which were exemplified through increased involvement of citizens in the government. This was in the sense that the resulting organizational and technological changes led to an impressive increase in production resulting into industrial society’s economic growth (Anderson 2011, 21). Effects of industrial revolution were felt in regions such as United States, Belgium, France, and Germany leading to emergence of new manufacturing cities. As a result, new class differentiation emerged and a new form of labor was conceived such as the middle class and the skilled labor respectively. Nevertheless, industrial revolution gave birth to rampant exploitation of workers and unplan ned urbanization calling for government regulations and interventions. Responses were manifested through Public Health Boards, Poor Laws, and Factory Acts. Evolution of labor unions was as a result of workers gaining the rights to vote. Socialist movements emerged due to resistance of workers demands leading to Karl Marx reasoning that was presented in Communist Manifesto which claimed that capitalist revolutionary overthrow was the only means for workers to emancipate themselves. On the contrary, Americans and Europeans expanded their influence and power due to the technological, organizational, and financial resources. Colonization, military domination, economic encroachment in the non-industrialized states was mated by little resistance thus resulting into new imperialism (Anderson 2011 33). Property rights exalted enlightenment to the status of a bulwark of liberty. Power in the older Europe accompanied property; however, aristocratic rule was the inevitable belief that justifie d the power. It was believed that wealth was right given by God and the traditional Christianity was conceived to balance this wealth. Nevertheless, European civilization was profoundly affected by industrial revolution. Industrialists viewed themselves as creators of wealth. Significant movement was the gradual expansion of voters’ rights which was initially focused on the working men but later included the women. Economic security and independence was argued to be achieved through the perception of liberty. The conception was based on the notion that natural laws yielded freedom rather than the theological

Poverty and the US Economy Essay Example for Free

Poverty and the US Economy Essay Today, there are developed, emerging and developing countries in the world. A larger percentage of people live under extreme poverty in most developing countries. In most developed countries poverty exist, but a lower proportion. Most developing countries formulate policies either monetary or fiscal to reduce the prevalence of poverty. However, there is no country without a policy options for elimination poverty. In a broader sense, poverty cannot be eradicated, but can be reduced to a certain level. This is why countries are pursuing various polices that could help reduce poverty in their region. Fiscal and monetary policies are the main tools used in formulating various strategies, actions that aim to reduce poverty. This issue leads us to poverty issue in the United States of America. Then, what are the various policies that can be used to eliminate poverty in the country. Should the policy makers make use of fiscal or monetary policy? Subsequently, what policy tools will be used, fiscal or monetary? In this write up there will be a comprehensive analysis on what policy option that should enacted to eliminate poverty in the USA. To begin with, understanding what fiscal and monetary policy entails is necessary. Then, what is fiscal policy? In a simple term, fiscal policy refers to an effort by the government to manage, influence and guide the tempo or direction of the economy by using its major tools taxation and its total spending. There are two major tools of fiscal policy, which are taxation and government spending. In addition, there could be contractionary or expansionary fiscal policy. Expansionary fiscal policy here means when there is increase in government spending or reduction in taxation. This normally leads to budget deficit and vice versa. While, monetary policy refers to an effort by the government to change the pace of the economy by influencing or controlling the money supply and interest rates. These various policies are pursued by government in other to achieve the basic economic objectives of full employment, stability in price level and growth of the economy. However, in the US the fiscal or monetary policies have to be enacted in other to reduce or eliminate poverty. In performing this task, different things have to be put in their rightful place. Even though, poverty cannot be eliminated from the country yet with a very good fiscal and monetary policies it proportion could be reduce. The reason why I believe poverty cannot be completely eliminated is because of the way economy and nation evolves. From time immemorial, there have been some certain classes of people in the economy. They range from upper, middle and lower classes. In any economy, there will always be the lower class and this comprises of the people living below the poverty line. In addition, there will always be those at the receiving end. Africa can be a very good example of this issue. Therefore, there is way how we would not have poverty in any nation. What can only be done is to reduce drastically the number. In country like the US, the poverty rate can be reduced to a small level if government pursues good monetary and fiscal policies. The government could enact fiscal, monetary policies and both together in the economy to reduce the poverty rate. These would be explained as follows: Firstly, we are going to consider the fiscal policy. Since, our main aim is to reduce the level of poverty. The government could pursue both the contractionary or expansionary fiscal policy. However, global financial crises have an overall effect on the nation’s economy. Moreover, the US government could enact contractionary policy to reduce the level of inflation. Since, the tools of fiscal policy are taxation and government spending. The government should reduce its spending and increase the tax of the elite and the upper class in the nation only. When this is done, the government will have more funds, which could be spent on increasing the aggregate demand of the lower class or people living below the poverty line. In a way the real income of the lower class will be increased through this policy, since the funds will be redistribute from the rich to the poor. In a way, there is the effect that fiscal policy has on the nation at large and on the individual as a whole. In as much as our focus relates to individual then, we pursue those action that will be beneficial to the individual rather than the whole nation. In addition, when government pursue budget deficit the economy is receiving less than what its expend. In this case, the government will have to finance this deficit using different approaches. They could borrow the populace or sell assets. Sale of asset may include the sale of bonds and treasury bills in other to offset the deficit. Treasury bills and bond are example of government tools use to reduce the money in circulation. Government sells these to the public in other to remove money in circulation. This money needed will be gotten from the upper class or the rich by increasing their tax. On the other hand, an expansionary fiscal policy could also be enacted. Here, the government should reduce the tax of the lower class and government should increase their spending on economic activities that could increase aggregate demand of this lower class and result in increased productivity. When government takes this action, the real income or the disposable income of this class of people would increase and thereby increasing their purchasing power. Given that, disposable income is the income that is left for spending when tax has been removed from income. In addition, when government increases their spending they pursue budget deficit. Here, they should incur these funds on economic activities that could increase the productivity and aggregate demand of the lower class. When there is increase in government spending, it means that the government is redistributing its asset to its populace. Thereby increasing total productivity in the economy and leading to increase in total income. This increase in total income will trickle down to the lower class and increase their disposable income. In essence, when government pursues the basic economic objective, they will be solving the issue of eliminating poverty indirectly. Therefore, the government could use fiscal policy in reducing the level of poverty in the nation However, the government in pursuing this objective of eliminating poverty can also use monetary policy. They could also use expansionary monetary policy. In a way, contractionary monetary policy will not be effective in achieving this objective. When they wish to use expansionary policy, the government should influence the interest rate by reducing it using its various tools. When this happens, investment will increase leading to increase in productivity that will trickle down to the lower class. Since, increasing productivity more labor effort would be require in achieving this. Then, there will be increase in employment that will trickle down to the lower class. In a way, more people will be employed and this will include the lower class. This situation will increase the real income of the lower class and will enable them live above the poverty line. However, the contractionary monetary policy will not be effective in this case. Since, under this policy there will be reduction in the rate of interest and consequently leading to decrease in productivity. When productivity is reduced, it means inventory is reducing and companies are sacking workers and this most times affects the lower class. Therefore, this will further worsen poverty situation in the country and contributing to increase in the level of unemployment. In another way, the government could combine both fiscal and monetary policies in other to achieve their objective of eliminating poverty in the country. What is needed is the right combination in other to guide against inflation. The government could influence the interest rate and at the same time enact policy that would make lower income earners pay reduce tax or used to offset the feedback from these policy option. The government could also combine expansionary monetary and fiscal contractionary policies in a way to offset any feedback from this policy options. In conclusion, there are ways the government of the United States of America could use to eliminate poverty. However, we should have it in mind that poverty cannot be eliminated permanently in the country. It could only be reduce to its barest minimum. In a way, the government actions are very vital. The two main policies to be enacted are the monetary and the fiscal policy. Finally, I think the global financial crises have a way of influencing the way these policies will work.

The positives and negatives of Mold

The positives and negatives of Mold When you hear the word mold, what comes to mind? Is it something green, fuzzy, and squishy? Do you immediately want to throw it away? Do you run screaming from the room or duck and hide? If you are a scientist, you will look more closely. You will look at mold in a different way, through different eyes. Mold is a whole new world to explore. It is important to understand what mold is, its harmful effects and its possible benefits. What is mold? In the American Heritage Dictionary, mold is any of various fungous growths often causing disintegration of organic matter. Molds are classified as part of the kingdom fungi (Ammirati, par. 6). They fall into the divisions Ascomycota, Basidiomycota, Chytridiomycota and Zygomycota (Ammirati, para. 6). Molds are microscopic fungi that live on plant or animal matter (USDA, par. 1). They are made up of multiple cells and can sometimes be seen with the naked eye (USDA, par. 2). Unlike other plants, mold has no chlorophyll, but rather it lives on food or decaying matter (Ammirati, par. 1). When mold appears on food, it can be greenish in color, or white and cotton-like in appearance. Mold has at least three parts which include the root threads, which invade the food it lives on; the stalk, which rises above the food, and the spores which form at the ends of the stalks which give the mold its color (USDA, par. 2). Mold develops from spores, which when they are dry, float through the air until they find suitable conditions to start the growth cycle again. (USDA, par. 8). When a mold spore lands on damp food, it swells and begins to grow by producing tiny hyphae (threads). The hyphae form a tangled mass called a mycelium, which in turn produces aerial pyphae called stolons. Rootlike structures known as rhizoids anchor stolons in the food (Ammirati, par. 3). This is what allows the mold to stay on the food. By the time the mold appears to the eye on the surface of food, it has already penetrated into the food. Therefore, most molds are threadlike spores (USDA, par. 1). Mold is found in virtually every environment. It is found inside and outside. It is found throughout the year (USDA, par. 7). Mold grows in warm humid conditions. Outside, these may be shady damp areas where leaves and other materials are decomposing (USDA, par. 7). Mold can also grow in refrigerators because they can tolerant sugars and salts better than most other food invaders (USDA par. 15). There are different kinds of molds including blue molds which grow on breads, green molds which grow on cheese and water molds which live in water and soil (Ammirati, par. 2). Mold does not need light to grow but each kind of mold needs certain materials for growth (Pascoe 7). Mold is the only plant that does not have roots, leaves, flowers, or seeds (Pascoe 7). How is mold harmful? It is probably not surprising to learn that mold is potentially harmful. However, it may surprise one to learn that mold has been linked to types of cancer. Molds can cause problems as common as allergic reactions and respiratory problems (USDA, par. 5). Some another diseases that mold can cause are athletes foot, and ringworm in people, and various blights in plants (Pascoe 7). Some more serious if not treated diseases that mold can cause are dangerous forms of pneumonia and it can infect the lungs (Pascoe 17). Mold sometimes contains a poisonous substance called mycotoxins that can make you sick (USDA, par. 5). Mycotoxins are found primarily in grain and nut crops (USDA, par. 10). They are also found in celery, grape juice, apples, and other produce (USDA, par. 10). According to one source, as much as twenty-five percent (25%) of the worlds food crops are affected by mycotoxins (USDA, par. 10). Some mycotoxins, such as aflatoxin, can cause cancer. Mold is not something to mess arou nd with. How is mold beneficial? Despite its ugly appearance and potentially hazardous effects, mold can offer some great benefits. First of all, mold can be beneficial to the gardener. Leaf mold greatly improves the structure and water-holding capacity of soil. It also creates the perfect conditions for the community of beneficial organisms that dwell in your soil (Galloway, par.1). Leaf mold can hold up to 500 times its own weight in water which helps plants to retain moisture during the summer or dry season (Galloway, par.8). In a recent study they found that garden soil amended with leaf mold had a twenty percent(20%) lower bulk density than soil to which leaf mold was not added (Galloway, par.9). It also fertilizes soil by breaking down the dead organisms and waste material (Ammirati, par. 5). In the early 1900s, scientists had began working to develop drugs that could destroy microbes, but the substances that came out where either ineffective or dangerous (Cupp, par. 29). However, one day Penicillin which is made from Penicillium mold was invented (Ammirati, par. 5). Penicillium mold is green-gray color (Pascoe 29). It was invented accidentally by Sir Alexander Fleming, a British bacteriologist, in 1928 (Dauben, par. 38). His laboratory was in London (Souza 49). He noticed one day that a bit of mold of the genus Penicillium had contaminated a laboratory dish containing bacteria. All the bacteria had been killed around the mold (Dauben, par. 38). Therefore, mold would ultimately be used for a variety of medical problems. Not until the end of World War II (1939-45) was there enough of penicillium available to treat large numbers of patients (Souza 50). Another thing that mold is good for is eating. People may think why and who would eat mold? Some molds are used to make certain kinds of cheese. For example: Roquefort, blue, Gorgonzola, and Stilton (USDA, par. 14). The most recent discover is the new mechanism in the reproductive cycle of certain species of mold. This mechanism protects the organism from genetic abnormalities by silencing unmatched genes during meiosis (sexual reproduction). It is to help target unwanted genes such as the HIV Virus, and other serious diseases (ScienceDaily, Par. 1). Another thing that molds are useful for is it plays an important and helpful role in the cycle of life. The molds help breakdown the dead plants and animal material then it returns useful nutrients to the soil (Pascoe 6). Aspergillus blown mold doesnt help save lives but it is often used to produce that citric acid that gives some candies and soft drinks a lemony flavor, as well as to make soy sauce and a Japanese alcoholic drink called sake (Alvin Silverstein, Virginia Silverstein, and Robert Silverstein 47-48). The study of mold is not for the weak stomach. The greenish color and resulting decay of the food does not make it a very appealing subject to most. However, learning about mold, what it is, how it can be harmful and how it is beneficial can be rewarding. Mold has an interesting way of finding foods different from most other plant life. They also have a strange way of traveling, basically catching a ride, on breezes and air currents. The most disturbing things about mold is how sick it can make someone, but we mustnt forget there are benefits that have been found using mold in research to treat some types serious diseases. However, as I learned from my research, mold has its good and bad characteristics.

Comparing Sexy versus A Temporary Matter in Interpreter of Maladies Ess

Readers are often baffled by the openness of some stories where the ending can go either way they are put into situation where they must imagine or assume how the story does end. Open-ended stories can be found in Jhumpa Lahiri’s Interpreter of Maladies, where few stories of open-endings have an immense impact on the reader by creating a hunger to know what happens next. There is always one very noticeable advantage open-ended stories have over close-ended stories, that is the impact on the reader. The impact that makes the reader think, imagine and creates immaculate suspense as the reader is following the life of the protagonist with utmost anticipation, but all of sudden the story ends and the reader’s first question would be ,â€Å"what becomes of the protagonist?†. Close ended stories have very limited scope for imagination and very little suspense towards the end. There is not as big an impact but the can be a sense of completeness and also the reader may feel relieved that he knows what the protagonist has gone through from the beginning to the end. A story with an open-ending that may be discovered from the book is â€Å"A Temporary Matter†, where the ending is so open that there is a colossal sense of incompleteness, having followed the ordeals of the protagonist and knowing what may be a valid reason for a married couple to fall out of love. The ending does not specify the fate of the marriage which seems to be on the path of falling apart, but the words of the protagonist which is either the saviour of the marriage or the final attempt to keep the marriage together remains unknown in the end. The story with a considerably closed ending that can be found is â€Å"Sexy† where the protagonist has an affair with a married Indian ... ...rves the way for the plot, the theme is the central idea around which a literary piece revolves. Without the theme the plot would be meaningless and there would be nothing for the readers to derive from the literary piece. Without the plot, the theme would be meaningless as there would be nowhere to consign the message the writer intends to give the reader. It can be said that the plot and theme are the two most important literary elements of a literary piece and are inter-dependant. In conclusion, I would like to say that an open-ended story has much more impact and imagery than a close-ended story. An open-ended story lingers about the reader’s thoughts and to some extent dominates the reader’s imagination. The plot and theme are the two most important literary elements in a literary piece and the piece would fail heavily without a good theme or a good plot.

Law and Conflicting Perspectives Essay

Composers represent conflicting perspectives through their own unique experiences and values as their political and social contexts. Geoffrey Robertson’s self styled memoir ‘The Justice Game’ written in the late 1900’s heavily reflects these conflicting perspectives in the ‘Trials of Oz’ and ‘The Romans in Britain’ through the employment of emotive and persuasive language and ridicule in the form of satire to which convey Robertson’s view through his eyes. Such conflicts also portrayed in Charles Waterstreet’s article’ It’s a long fickle road to justice’ which similar to Robertson’s use of persuasive techniques utilizes satire to challenge and question the myopic procedures of the legal system. As society develops, along with it come the changes in values and beliefs this is evident in The Trials of Oz which displays the differing attitudes and conflicting perspectives between generation gaps. The† Trials of Oz’s† ‘Rupert Bear’ was one of great offence in Robertson’s time, whereas today material similar to this is everywhere and is mostly socially acceptable which parallely reflect the beliefs of freedom of speech and individuality growing within society. Robertson himself believed these values which is evident in his view put across in a metaphor for describing the legal system as â€Å" the justice game† revealing the lack of freedom of speech and individuality acknowledgement within it, which is reinforced through the chapter through repetition, arising questions for the responder. In the Trials Of Oz, Robertson uses persuasive language to describe the defendants as â€Å"honest young men† and to characterise Oz as a â€Å"harmless coffee-table magazine for the revolution that would never happen†.

Free Essays on Robert Frosts “Mending Wall“

Robert Frost’s â€Å"Mending Wall† Robert Frost has entertained many with his vivid portrayals of life. Frost never attended school until his family moved to New Hampshire where at age ten, he entered Lawrence High School, and would later leave as the head of his class. Frost’s legacy began in 1912 when he moved to England to devote his life to writing, and his first book was published. â€Å"Mending Wall† comes from his second book North of Boston. â€Å"â€Å"Mending Wall† is different from the other poems in North of Boston because it is opposed to visions of human existence and focuses on the psychological necessities of sustaining fictions†(Lentricchia). â€Å"Mending Wall† is one of Robert Frost’s greatest poems and has inspired many people with its views on personal boundaries and a profound togetherness. His neighbors’ father’s clichà ©s are what his neighbor bases his reasons upon, the reasons for the wall which separates them. One day during the spring they meet to mend the walls in which they live. Stones fall off all the time and they range in size from loaves to balls. They try not to see each other and all the neighbor says when he tells him that this is silly is â€Å"good fences make good neighbors.† He wants to ask why they make good neighbors, but knows the neighbor would not say anything but the silly saying again. He does not really know a point to the wall and does not understand what he is covering up, but as the neighbor goes away, he thinks of it again, â€Å"good fences make good neighbors!† â€Å"â€Å"Mending Wall† is a poem that distinguishes between two kinds of people: one who seizes the particular occasion of mending as fuel for the imagination and as a release from the dull ritual of work each spring and one who is trapped by work and by the New England past as it comes down to him in the form of his father’s clichà ©s† (Lentricchia). This explains the lives of the two men involved in ... Free Essays on Robert Frost's â€Å"Mending Wallâ€Å" Free Essays on Robert Frost's â€Å"Mending Wallâ€Å" Robert Frost’s â€Å"Mending Wall† Robert Frost has entertained many with his vivid portrayals of life. Frost never attended school until his family moved to New Hampshire where at age ten, he entered Lawrence High School, and would later leave as the head of his class. Frost’s legacy began in 1912 when he moved to England to devote his life to writing, and his first book was published. â€Å"Mending Wall† comes from his second book North of Boston. â€Å"â€Å"Mending Wall† is different from the other poems in North of Boston because it is opposed to visions of human existence and focuses on the psychological necessities of sustaining fictions†(Lentricchia). â€Å"Mending Wall† is one of Robert Frost’s greatest poems and has inspired many people with its views on personal boundaries and a profound togetherness. His neighbors’ father’s clichà ©s are what his neighbor bases his reasons upon, the reasons for the wall which separates them. One day during the spring they meet to mend the walls in which they live. Stones fall off all the time and they range in size from loaves to balls. They try not to see each other and all the neighbor says when he tells him that this is silly is â€Å"good fences make good neighbors.† He wants to ask why they make good neighbors, but knows the neighbor would not say anything but the silly saying again. He does not really know a point to the wall and does not understand what he is covering up, but as the neighbor goes away, he thinks of it again, â€Å"good fences make good neighbors!† â€Å"â€Å"Mending Wall† is a poem that distinguishes between two kinds of people: one who seizes the particular occasion of mending as fuel for the imagination and as a release from the dull ritual of work each spring and one who is trapped by work and by the New England past as it comes down to him in the form of his father’s clichà ©s† (Lentricchia). This explains the lives of the two men involved in ...

My Utopia essays

My Utopia essays My utopia does not exist in a perfect world; the reason for this is that I believe there is no such thing as a perfect world. There are balanced worlds, and worlds that exist in harmony, but never a perfect world. If there were such thing as a perfect world there would be no need for advancements and breakthroughs as there is now. Society would become stagnant, and eventually die off. So in my utopia, my world, things are ever changing, there is not a day that is like any other; there are similarities, but never the same thing twice. The people that inhabit my world are content. They have all their needs met, and they meet the needs of their society. Everyone works. The need for everyone to work should be obvious. And anyone who does not work for the good for their society is exiled. As a reward for working, all a persons needs are met by the society they serve. If you work, you get a house, you get the food you need, and the clothing to clothe you. Other material possessions are earned through a merit system. Through this system, if you go above and beyond what is required of your responsibilities then you earn a merit, and merits can be exchanged for superficial possessions. Working also guarantees free health care. This, including relatives and children, if you are sick and cannot work, your relatives health care will cover you, covers everything. The same with any other special needs you or your family might have. They are all covered by society. Education is also provided by society. An individual can progress their quest for knowledge at any level for free. All institutions provide the same level of learning to all that apply. There will be no uneducated people in my utopia. Education is a fundamental of my utopian society. Education is encouraged by society, and progressive study beyond the required levels can also earn merits. To keep a well maintained society running smoothly, and elected body of officials whom...